tSuperorder POROLEPIMORPHA
tSuperorder DIPTERIMORPHA
Branchiostegal rays 0-3, gular plates present; caudal fin heterocercal or diphycercal.
Devonian to Triassic.
Unfortunately, a stable cladistic classification of members of this group, which may be paraphyletic, does not exist. Campbell and Barwick (2001) critically discussed problems arising in hypothesizing, in cladistic analysis, relationships in lungfishes—in particular, whether or not Diabolepis is, as regarded by some, the sister group of the Dipnoi. Some of the fossil families recognized in Cloutier and Ahlberg (1996) are as follows:
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