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Microsorum pteropus Philippine
Variety of Microsorum pteropus with strikingly beautiful long, slender 'hammered out' leaves. Microsorum pteropus 'Philippine' grows readily on roots and stones, but can also be planted directly on the bottom - but not too deep. The plant is hardy and also suitable for larger aquariums. It is tolerant of salt, and originated from the island of Panay in the Philippines, where it grows right out in the tidal river mouth and thrives both below and above water. See also Microsorum pteropus.
Cnidaria Anthozoa Coraiiimorpharia Discosomatidae Hairy Mushroom
To 11 cm 4.3 in. across Indo-Pacific Lighting Does contain symbiotic algae and seems to thrive in bright light intensities, although moderate lighting will suffice. Compatibility These mushroom anemones can bud rapidly and have the potential to overgrow large portions of the aquascape. There are many similar species In this easy to keep genus. Disc is brown and covered with prominent branched tentacles.
Use of English Names
The English trivial name of Amazon sword plant is being applied incorrectly to Echinodorus species because it creates the impression that they all originate from the Amazon area or its immediate surroundings, which is extremely misleading. The author has therefore chosen the English name sword plant for the genus Echinodorus since this name has been well established over time.
Importance To People
Fishes, like many other forms of life, are of immense value to humans. They have long been a staple item in the diet of many peoples, leading to the downfall of many species. Today they form an important element in the economy of many nations while giving incalculable recreational and psychological value to the naturalist, sports enthusiast, and home aquarist. Some fishes are dangerous e.g., poisonous, stinging, shocking, or biting and are of immense concern in some parts of the world. Fishes...
Type 4 Flowing Permanent
This type constitutes the most important liv-ihg environment for Aponogeton species in cultivation. Contradicting this, however, is the fact that such biotopes were practically nonexistent in earlier instructions on cultivation. Previous recommendations from other authors to always remove the tuber from the substrate during the rest periods is, according to my observations, contrary to the ecological conditions in the plant's natural locations. This is especially true for those species which...
Gallery Of Echinodorus Bli
Below Echinodorus 'Rubin' is a cultivated variety of echinodorus. Many aquarium plants are manmade varieties, created by crossing separate species, which results in attractive, new hybrid plants. The leaves of Echinodorus 'Rubin' vary in color. A mixture of red and green areas, combined with visible veins, creates a distinctive plant. The red edging of this leaf is unusual and creates a good contrasting effect when viewed against other leaves and plants. Right The narrow-leaved form of E....
Family HEXAGRAMMIDAE 316greenlings Marine North Pacific
Head with cirri but without ridges or spines lateral lines one or five scales cycloid or ctenoid one dorsal fin but with a notch with 16-28 spines and 11-30 soft rays pelvic fin with one spine and five soft rays well-developed anterior nostril on each side, posterior nostril if present reduced to a small pore anal fin with 0-3 spines followed by soft rays six or seven branchioste-gal rays swim bladder absent vertebrae 36-63. Maximum length up to 1.5 m, attained in Ophiodon elongatus most other...
Family TRICHIURIDAE 474cutlassfishes Marine Atlantic Indian and Pacific
Body very elongate and strongly compressed protruding lower jaw teeth very long maxilla concealed by preorbitals fanglike teeth usually present single nostril on each side gill cover splintered dorsal fin extremely long based, with spines and soft rays spinous portion usually shorter than soft rayed portion, notch between two portions in some species anal fin with two spines and 56-121 soft rays caudal fin small or absent pectoral fin low on body pelvic fin reduced with a scalelike spine and...
Family AKYSIDAE 136stream catfishes Freshwater southeastern Asia
Dorsal fin with a strong spine and a short base, usually four or five soft rays. Four genera given below with at least 42 species. The two subfamilies were ranked as families in Nelson 1994 . The family is sister to the clade of Sisoridae, Erethistidae, and Aspredinidae de Pinna, 1996b, 1998 . Subfamily Akysinae. Body with unculiferous tubercles arranged in longitudinal rows, a median middorsal row and usually four lateral rows dorsal fin with usually five soft rays adipose fin present and...
Type 3 Flowing Temporary
Previously, it has been known, or assumed, that very few Aponogeton species grow in rivers which occasionally dry out during rain-deficient periods. Since there are hardly any recorded observations of this plant group, a definite classification this in category of body of water is difficult simply because flowing waters which dry out are very rare. Aponogeton boivinianus and A. ulvaceus probably exist in such waters. With regard to the seasonal changes, the living conditions in these waters...
Family CHIASMODONTIDAE 432swallowers Marine oceanic
Premaxilla and maxilla long and slender, firmly united posteriorly anterior tip of premaxilla expanded dorsally and diverging laterally highly distensible mouth and stomach. Placed in the Percoidei in Gosline 1971 . Four genera, Chiasmodon, Dysalotus, Kali synonym Gargaropteron , and Pseudoscopelus, with about 15 species e.g., Johnson and Cohen, 1974 McEachran and Sutton, 2003 . The last genus bears photophores.
Gallery Of Echinodorus Xod
Below Echinodorus 'Rubin' is a cultivated variety of echinodorus. Many aquarium plants are manmade varieties, created by crossing separate species, which results in attractive, new hybrid plants. The leaves of Echinodorus 'Rubin' vary in color. A mixture of red and green areas, combined with visible veins, creates a distinctive plant. The red edging of this leaf is unusual and creates a good contrasting effect when viewed against other leaves and plants. Right The narrow-leaved form of E....
Family LAMPRIDAE Lamprididae 202opahs Marine pelagic Atlantic Indian and Pacific
Body oval-shaped and compressed lateral line arched high in front dorsal and anal fins long dorsal with 48-56 rays and anal with 33-42 rays pelvic fin rays 12-17 minute cycloid scales vertebrae 43-46. Its food consists primarily of squids, octopuses, and crustaceans. Maximum length up to 1.8 m. The orthography of the family has been changed from Lamprididae to Lampridae, and some comment is required. There is a desire to have stability in the orthography of family names, while following...
Family SCOMBROLABRACIDAE 471longfin escolars Marine deepwater Atlantic Indian
Premaxillae protractile preopercle and opercle serrated swim bladder with thin, elastic walls and, in adult, with bubblelike evaginations fitting into vertebral bullae 30 vertebrae, fifth through twelfth of adults with expanded para-pophyses, called the bullae, that bulge dorsolaterally and with ventral opening. Maximum length about 30 cm. As noted in Nelson 1994 , C. E. Bond and Uyeno 1981 , because of the mixed percoid and scombroid characteristics of the one species in general appearance it...
Family HOLOCENTRIDAE 282squirrelfishes Tropical marine Atlantic Indian and
Pelvic fin with one spine and 5-8 usually seven soft rays long dorsal fin with spiny portion 10-13 spines and soft-rayed portion 11-17 rays divided by a notch anal fin with four spines and 7-16 soft rays caudal fin forked, with 18 or 19 principal rays scales large and ctenoid extremely rough eyes large opercle with spiny edge vertebrae 26 or 27 color usually reddish. Squirrelfishes are mostly nocturnal, usually hiding in crevices or beneath ledges of reefs in the daytime along with...
Catfish
Catfish belong to different families, but are all members of the order Siluriformes. They possess barbels, live a solitary life on the bottom, and are mainly twilight species. Not very fussy about water quality, they play a major part in maintaining the balance of the aquarium as they scavenge algae or particles which have sunk to the bottom. Two families are of particular importance the Callichthyidae and the Loricariidae. The Callichthyidae include the genus Corydoras these fish do not have...
PLANT NUTRITION capsules
PLANT NUTRITION capsules supply your waterplants with all the nutrients they need for healthy and sustained growth over a long period of time. Nutrition release rates do not exceed plant absorption rates, so ensuring nutrition remains within a closed cycle between capsules and plant roots. 1-3 capsules depending on plant size and expected nutrition requirements, placed by plant roots, minimum 4 cm below the gravel surface. Carefully cover any holes made with sand and gravel. The capsules are...
Trachurus indcus 306
Circumtrop. El 26 C sg 1.022 110 cm 1-2, 13-14- j-sC V SE 26 C sg 1.022 30 cm 300L 6-9 x C IS E3 26 C sg 1.022 60 cm 600L Circumtrop. El 26 C sg 1.022 110 cm Alectis indicus 306 5,7-v-si aH 26 C sg 1.022 50 cm 500L 6-9 x C IS E3 26 C sg 1.022 60 cm 600L 1-2, 13-14- j-sC V SE 26 C sg 1.022 30 cm 300L Oligoplites saurus 306 Oligoplltes altus 306 26 C sg 1.022 30 cm 300L 3-nj-nC E 26 C sg 1.022 31 cm 300L
Fluorescent Lamps
The advantages of fluorescent lamps are especially high light exploitation higher degree of efficiency than high-pressure lamps , long durability, good color reproduction, good value for money and low energy consumption high efficiency . The choice of light colors in fluorescent lamps is greater than that in high-pressure lamps. Typical for fluorescent lamps is the fact that they provide balanced lighting of the entire aquarium in contrast to discharge lamps. A conclusion as to under which...
Family PHOLIDICHTHYIDAE 444convict blenny Marine southwesternmost Philippines
Body eel shaped one nostril on each side scales absent pelvics below or slightly in front of pectoral base, with one thin spine and two or three soft rays, rarely absent caudal fin rounded and joined with dorsal and anal fins dorsal fin with 66 98 soft rays anal fin with 49 81 soft rays pectoral fin with 15 rays lower pharyngeals fused into a single bone septal bone present in interorbital area larvae with four adhesive attachment glands between the eyes vertebrae 71-101. Placed in the...
Order Mesoagastropoda
Common Names Box Snails, Sundial Snails One of the most commonly encountered coral predators is the Checkered Box snail, Heliacus areola. These snails are often found nestled between the polyps of a zoanthid colony on which they feed at night. They outstretch their extendible proboscis and make a small hole near the base of the polyp from which they proceed to suck out the contents. The polyp eventually shrivels up and falls Heliacus snail feeding on zoanthids. S.W. Michael. off the rock...
Bunge 1835
Family Brassicaceae. Synonyms None Etymology Cardamine from Greek kar-damon cress lyrata lyrate leaf shape . Distribution Eastern Siberia, northern China, Japan. Description Emersed stem creeping, up to 60 cm long, 1 mm thick, glabrous, often branchy, rooting on all nodes. Submersed shoots erect, up to 40 cm long. Alternate leaf arrangement, up to 2 cm petiolate stipules small. Emersed blade reniform to almost round with cordate base and round apex, rarely impar pinnate with a large terminal...
Sea Mount
schools, consisting of many individuals of the same species. In the aquarium, a single Green Chromis, Chromis viridis, can be a rather lonely looking creature, but a group of seven to ten or more starts to become much more natural and fascinating to observe. Ideal candidate for isolation in a species tank Leaf Scorpi-onfish Taenianotus tricanthus , bizarre but all-consuming. One of the most characteristic features ofthe biota of coral reefs is their remarkable specializations for survival....
Family ALBULIDAE 71bonefishes Marine tropical seas
Maximum length about 105 cm, attained in Albula vulpes. Subfamily Albulinae. Most tropical seas rarely brackish and freshwater . Dorsal fin base short, 16-21 rays last ray of dorsal fin prolonged into a filament in Albula nemoptera branchiostegal rays 10-16 gill rakers 15-17 lateral line scales 66-84 vertebrae 69-80 small median gular plate maxilla and basihyal toothless crushing dentition on parasphenoid. One genus, Albula, and at least three species e.g., Smith, 2003 see Nelson et al., 2004...
The dry shipping technique is as follows
Wrap the specimens up loosely in strips of plastic or with bubble wrap. Plastic strips roughly 1 to 2 cm broad can be cut from heavy duty fish shipping bags using a pocket knife. If the plastic is from too thin a material i.e. plastic garbage bags , it will be difficult to handle and will collapse into a useless mass when wet. Note The plastic strips or bubblewrap should be clean. Old plastic bags may have salt or bacteria on them, and should be avoided. Also avoid re-using the plastic strips....
Family INDOSTOMIDAE 292armored sticklebacks Freshwater parts of Southeast Asia
Body slender and covered with bony scutes upper jaw not protrusible oper-cle with five to seven spines dorsal and anal fins each with six rays, usually five isolated spines preceding the dorsal fin three pectoral radials 22-24 pectoral fin rays pelvic fin with four soft rays, no spine gill filaments lobate subopercle minute and interopercle present parietals absent six bran-chiostegal rays no ribs usually 21 vertebrae swim bladder physoclistic. Maximum known length about 3.3 cm SL. The...
Myriophyllum aquaticum
Synonym M. brasiliense, M. proserpinacoides Common name Brazilian milfoil, milfoil It is important to keep this common aquarium plant In water free of visible debris, which may clog the fine leaves. Providing you regularly add a multipurpose fertilizer to the tank, the plant should do well in most aquariums. It will produce side shoots, but overcutting will damage it. In strong light, the plant may produce thick leaves above the surface. Milfoil does well in softer water and will grow without...
Pearl Perches Glaucosomatidae Ponyfishes Leiognathidae Silversides Atherinidae
AFRICAN POMPANO Alectis ciliaris SIZE to 130 cm 4' . ft. Jacks - Carangidae ID Silver, often have bluish or greenish tints deep body with steep head profile and deeply forked tail scales not obvious. Young form schools, large adults often solitary. Pelagic often near dropoffs to 100 m. Circum tropical. ID Fore lobes of rear dorsal and anal fins of young trail long filamentous rays that are lost with age. ID Diamond-shaped juveniles trail long thread-like filaments from dorsal and anal fins as...
Chapter Eight 221
Longnose Hawkflsh, Oxycirrhites typus, which associates with gorgonians, generally at depths greater than 100 feet Vanderbilt's Chromis, Chromis van-derbilti, schools above coral heads in at least 15 feet of water Many Cirrhilabrus wrasses, including Jordan's Fairy Wrasse, C.jordani, which is often found in the same habitat as the Longnose Hawkflsh Potters Angelfish, Centropyge potteri, endemic to Hawaii, is most abundant in waters greater than 15 feet, while its cousin, the Flame Angel, C....
Family NETTASTOMATIDAE 87duckbill eels Marine Atlantic Indian and Pacific
Head and snout elongate and narrow mouth enlarged tail greatly attenuated pectoral fin usually absent in adults present only in Hoplunnis vertebrae usually 190-280. Maximum length about 1 m. This family of tropical and warm temperate waters is poorly known it is thought to be most closely related to the Uroconger line of congrids. Six genera, Facciolella, Hoplunnis, Nettastoma,, Nettenchelys, Saurenchelys, and Venefica, with about 38 species e.g., D. G. Smith in Bohlke, 1989 568-612...
Anubias barteri var angustifolia101C
Anubias barteri var. angustifolia is a beautiful plant with long, narrow leaves. Anubias barteri var. angustifolia used to be sold as Anubias afzelii, but the latter is actually a much larger species. It is grown in the same conditions as Anubias barteri var. nana. It is not eaten by herbivorous fish.
Tie Fore Reef
The greatest abundance and diversity of life can be found on the fore reef, although many of the species found here can also be found elsewhere in the lagoon zone, for example. The type of reef tank most often constructed by aquarium hobbyists is based upon conditions found on the fore reef. Although most of the commonly available aquarium species from this zone are from the Indo-Pacific, aquar-ists wishing to duplicate a Keys fore-reef habitat do have some interesting invertebrates from which...
Other Plants Of Interest Yeu
Synonym E. brevipedicellatus Common name Amazon swordplant Origin Brazil Maximum height 14 in 35 cm Growth rate Slow to Medium Area Background, Midground, Specimen, or unusual Light Bright Temperature 75-82 F 24-28X Propagation From shoots Difficulty 1, 2 The thin leaves of the Amazon swordplant grow up to 14 in 35 cm long. Use groups of plants in the background or plant it singly in the In good conditions, this echinodorus will regularly produce many adventitious plantlets on runners. In good...
Family HIMANTOLOPHIDAE 237footballfishes Marine Atlantic Indian and Pacific
Both sexes lack the parietals throughout life present in other ceratioids except lost in adult females of Rhynchactis triradiate pelvic bone six bran-chiostegal rays no epurals bony plates, each with a median spine, over body dorsal fin with five or six rays and anal fin with four rays caudal fin with nine rays pectoral fin rays 14-18 vertebrae about 19. Females differ from other ceratioids in having a blunt and short snout papillae on snout and chin. Maximum length 46 cm maximum length of...
Common Features of Captive Ecosystems
Frakes 1994 compared each of the methods discussed above and concluded, Several methods have been shown to be successful with certain organisms when properly applied. M artin Moe1 has pointed out to me that this is simply attributable to each approach providing an adequate substitute for the natural environment of the organisms that have been successfully maintained. The fact that these approaches all have drawbacks simply serves to demonstrate that man cannot create a perfect copy of a true...
Walter Robinson 1908
Family Scrophulariaceae. Synonyms Obolaria caroliniana Walter 1788 , Monniera amplexicaulis Michaux, Bacopa amplexicaulis Michaux Wettstein, and others. Etymology Bacopa plant name derived from the indigenous population of Guyana caroliniana originating from Carolina. Distribution Southern and middle U.S. .Description Marsh plant, up to 60 cm tall, with creeping or ascendent, hardly branchy shoots. Stem up to 4 mm thick, fleshy, emersed strong pubescence, submersed glabrous. Leaves decussate,...
Daily Lighting Periods
The question about the daily lighting period can best be answered if one visualizes the conditions to which aquarium plants are subjected within their natural habitats. Almost all cultivated aquatic and marsh plants exist in the tropics and subtropics between the equatorial zone and a geographical latitude of 30 . In the vicinity of the equator the daily lighting period measures a constant 12 hours. In a geographical latitude of 10 the length of day will vary according to the season between 11...
Family GASTEROPELECIDAE 118freshwater hatchetfishes Freshwater Panama and South
Strongly compressed head and body with protruding bony and muscular breast region lateral line extremely short, extending to tail, or curved downward to approach origin of anal fin dorsal fin rays 10-17 anal fin rays 22-44 pelvic fins and associated bones minute four or five branchiostegal rays adipose fin present in larger species or absent in smaller species frontal bone bearing a strong longitudinal ridge posttemporal and supracleithrum fused into a single bone cleithra of each side fused no...
Water quality
It is important to check the levels of ammonia, nitrites, nitrates, pH, and hardness in the aquarium on a regular basis. If possible, carry out these tests every week and keep a record of each one and the date it was performed. It is also possible to test for the presence of certain nutrients, but this needs to be done only when plants show signs of a deficiency or excess of nutrients. Keeping a record of test results is a good way of checking any trends in the aquarium, such as rises in...
Family SCHILBEIDAE SCHILBIDAE 157schilbeid catfishes Freshwater Africa and
Dorsal fin usually present with short base and a spine, absent in Ailia and Parailia adipose fin usually present anal fin base very long, not confluent with caudal, 24-90 rays usually four pairs of barbels. The pelvic fin is occasionally absent in species of several genera. Members of this family tend to swim in open water. It is interesting here to note that, as with some other family names, there is disagreement on the correct spelling. Rules concerning determining the correct formation of...
Altum Angels
Several populations of angelfish have been called altum angels. The status of these fishes, based on conversations with Heiko Ble-her, sheds considerable light on the distribution of the true altum angelfish. What of the other altum angels from Peru and from the Rio Negro According to Blehcr and others, the Peruvian altum is a high-bodied population of P. scalare. Most important, Bleher states that the high-bodied form in the upper Rio Negro that resembles P. altum in fact is a variant of P....
Seasonal Influences Vegetation Rhythm and Types of Waterways
Tropical and subtropical aquatic and marsh plants have conquered very different living environments in the course of evolution. Their natural biotopes are boggy flood areas, puddles, ponds, lakes, more or less fast-flowing streams and rivers as well as man-made living environments, such as rice paddies, pools and storage lakes. These ecosystems are subjected to the seasonality typical for the tropics, namely rain-intensive and rain-deficient seasons and associated variations in water levels,...
HKS rep at
7. 8 xr gt to a 26 C sg 1.022 9 cm 100L 7-9 xr 4 to -J 26 C sg 1.022 25 cm 300L Pterosynchiropus splendidus 399 7 xr O fm C 26 e C sg 1.022 6 cm 80L 7-nj-C Vi HI 26 C sg 1.022 7 cm 80L 7, 8 4 to 26 C sg 1.022 8 cm 100L 6-9 xr V te -- 26 C sg 1.022 9 crn 100L 6-9 xr V te -- 26 C sg 1.022 9 crn 100L 7, 9 - gt j- 4 V u Z 26 C sg 1.022 8 cm 80L 7, 9 - gt j- 4 V u Z 26 C sg 1.022 8 cm 80L Eleotris et acanthopoma 402 7 -xr i V to LJ 26 C sg 1.022 18 cm 200L 6-9 xr i V to C 26 C sg 1.018 16 cm 200L...
Bentham Pennell 1946
Synonyms Herpestis madagascariensis Etymology Bacopa see B. caroliniana madagascariensis originating from Madagascar. Distribution Madagascar. Description Marsh plant with decumbent or ascendent up to 1-m long shoots, hardly branchy. Stem up to 4 mm thick, slightly grooved, fleshy, glabrous. Leaves decussate, almost amplexicaul. Blade lanceolate to narrow ovoid, 1-3 cm long, 0.5-1.3 cm wide, light green. Apex acute to obtuse. Margin slightly crenate similar to B. crenata . Solitary flowers, up...
Curiosity Corner
Some species, often possessing unique anatomical features or biomechanisms, exist only as a single family in the world of the aquarist - and sometimes also in the wild. For these reasons we have grouped them together on this double page. The Indian knifefish or clown knifefish lives in Asia in slightly alkaline waters. It can swim both forwards and backwards, and tends to be nocturnal. Several species have proved marketable one of them, Notopterus notopterus, which has only recently been...
Coral Skeletons
One can build a really nice reef structure using dead coral skeletons instead of live rock. Many Dutch hobbyists build their reef tanks this way Delbeek, 1992 . As we said before, once the tank is set up, a few pieces of live rock with coralline algae will seed the system, and with herbivores, control of nutrients, and care of the calcium and alkalinity levels, the coralline al ae can be encouraged to dominate, and problem algae growth can be eliminated. Using monofilament line, one can attach...
Myriophyllum tuberculatum
Common name Red myriophyllum Origin Brazil, South America The stem and leaves of this plant vary between brown and red, depending on various aquarium conditions. The color is highly unusual among common aquarium plants, making this plant a popular choice in planted displays. The fine, feathery leaves require clean, well-filtered water any debris and or algae will clog them and stop them photosynthesizing. Strong lighting is essential for this plant. Do not plant individual stems too close...
Cats Paw Club Finger CoralStylophora pistillata
Medium-sized colonies Indo-Pacific Lighting Contains symbiotic algae and needs high-intensity lighting. Circulation Requires strong water movement. Water Quality Demands excellent water quality, including calcium supplementation for skeletal growth. Hardy and relatively easy to keep and propagate by cuttings. Forms a variety of colony shapes, depending on lighting and current conditions. Usually yellow or green, occasionally pink. Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Acroporidae
Other Plants Of Interest Tqm
Common name Japanese rush Origin East Asia Maximum height 14 in 35 cm Area Foreground, Midground, Specimen, or unusual Light Undemanding Temperature 50-79 F 10-26 C Propagation From cuttings at the base The numerous grasslike leaves of this plant are rigid, firm, and able to withstand fast-flowing water. Older leaves will begin to yellow before thinning and eventually dying, at which point they should be removed. Fully submerged, this plant may last many months, even a year in good conditions....